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Addition or omission (of meaning)
addition 不要な主語などを追加
例: When you hold a meeting, you should make sure that...
× 貴方がミーティングを開く時は、貴方は必ず。。。
(Unnecessary addition of a subject, especially when 'you' is used as 'general'—sounds unnatural).
omission 必要な意味を抜かしている
例: "Well, let's go," said John.
× ｢さあ、行こう｣。
○ 「さあ、行こう」とジョンは言った。
Particles てにをは (See Mistranslation)
Same term, different translation
Different terms, same translation ＊必ずしも×とは限らない。 (Not always wrong) See Terminology.
Indecision—gave more than one option
例: CEOs are endangered if they lack an Internet vision.
× インターネットに関する展望（ビジョン）を持たぬ最高執行責任者は (to translate or transliterate)
お先真っ暗だ（長続きしない）。 (to use an idiom or not)
Wrong choice from several words with similar but not identical meanings
例: equipment × 施設(facility)
Wrong particles
てにをは、「は」と「が」(Usage of particles is a unique feature of Japanese. Case particles indicate subject, object, etc. when attached to a noun)
例: When salt was used as currency, this salt lake might well have been a gold mine.
× 塩は通貨として使われていた頃。。。
Wrong Kanji
例: first × 始めて
(There are many Chinese characters that have the same sounds but different meanings. Mistakes are often made when differences are subtle or a part of a character is the same).
Misunderstanding of original text
False cognates 英語をそのまま仮名にすると意味が違うもの
例: mansion × マンション ('manshon' means a high-class apartment)
to leverage ×てこ入れ ('to put a lever in' means to bolster the price)
Idioms 慣用句で似て非なるもの
例: pulling a leg × 足を引っ張る ('pulling a leg' means to thwart)
(Lack of) Relative pronouns 修飾の対象がはっきりしない、間違っている
例: The highest percentage of pet ownership other than U.S. is in Britain, where cats and dogs rule.
(Britain must be modified, not US)
× 犬猫が我が物顔の米国以外で一番ペットを飼う割合が高いのは英国だ。
Verb tenses 特に現在完了、未来など
例: I've done it. × 私がやる。
(Especially the present perfect and the future tense, which don't exist in Japanese)
Positional relationship between S + V and a quotation mark
例: "It is I," said Mike, "who took the bag and ran away."
×「僕だ」とマイクは言った、「バッグを持って逃げ出したのは」。
○「バッグを持って逃げ出したのは僕だ」とマイクは言った。
(In Japanese, the expression "so & so said" always comes before or after a quotation).
Sentence break & paragraphing 文や文節の切り方が日英で異なる場合あり
例: Close after use. Keep from freezing.
× ご使用後は蓋を閉めて下さい。凍らない場所に保管して下さい。
○ ご使用後は蓋を閉め、凍らない場所に保管して下さい。
(It often sounds more natural to put short sentences together into one long sentence).
(Lack of) Punctuation marks : や ; 等。
＊ 普通「。」や「、」に変える。
The colon [ : ] and semicolon [ ; ] are not usually used in Japanese. Such a mark should be changed to '。' or '、'.
内容に則した敬語の使用、「である体」対「ですます体」例: Mother told her young son, "Don't touch it."
× 母は幼い息子に「お触りにならないで下さい」と言った。
＊ 新聞記事などは「である体」を使う。
(An appropriate degree of politeness must be employed).
Wrong Chinese characters
Transliterations 英語のままにするか、カタカナで音を書くか、日本語に訳すか
(To keep in English, or transliterate, or translate into Japanese)
例: LAN ×ラン ○LAN
分野によっても違うので注意すること。
(What's appropriate in one area may not be so in another area.)
例: Export 通常は「輸出」(Generally translated)
コンピュータ関係では「エキスポート」
(In Computer, transliterated: e-ki-su-po-to)
例: She led me to the museum display case.
×彼女は博物館のショーケースの前で私に色々説明してくれた。
(= She gave me a detailed explanation in front of the museum display case)
Sentence length 長く続けた方が日本語として自然な場合あり (See Punctuation)
(Long sentences may sound more natural in Japanese.)
Field-specific style 各分野に適した文体
(A style that is appropriate in each field should be employed.)
Syntactical features of source language that cause errors in target language
（日本語では修飾節・修飾語が全て被修飾語の前に来るため何を修飾しているのかが曖昧になる傾向がある）。
(In Japanese, all the modifiers come in front of a modified term, which can confuse people about what is modified.)
Too literal, word-for-word translation 特に無生物主語構文や受動態の場合
(Especially with a non-volitional subject sentence and the passive voice).
例: An urgent situation kept me from going to a party.
×緊急事態が私をパーティに行けなくした。
(→Due to an urgent situation, I could not go to the party)
Gas masks help naval crews practice responding to chemical attack.
×ガスマスクは海軍の者が化学的攻撃に応える練習をするのを助ける。
(→By using gas masks, naval crews can practice responding to chemical attack)
The road was dotted with people on their way to work.
×道路は仕事に向かう人達で点が付けられていた。
(→People on their way to work were "here and there" on the road)
One word has several different meanings, depending on context
例: process 工程、過程、プロセス、処理（コンテキストにより正しいものを選ぶ）
(Need to pick a correct translation depending on the context or area).
Word order, collocations
例: Black & white photo ×黒白写真 ○白黒写真
(black & white photo) (white & black photo)
The two following sentences × 二つの次の文 ○ 次の二つの文 (The following two sentences)
Idiomatic expressions
例: This coffee is strong.
× このコーヒーは強い。
('strong' is not used for beverages.)
○ このコーヒーは濃い。
(This coffee is thick.)
Play the violin ○バイオリンを弾く
Play the drum ○太鼓を叩く
Play the flute ○フルートを吹く
(different verbs are used depending on what instrument is played.)
テストのパッセージの中では一般辞書（大辞典）に出ていない単語は避けており、そういった単語が使われざるを得ない場合には訳注を付けているので、先ずこれはあり得ない。
(Words that are not in large general dictionaries are usually avoided. If such an unusual word is used, a footnote with the correct translation is given, so citing it as 'not in dictionary' would be considered an error).